FLEXIBILITY A KEY ISSUE IN PLANNING FOR CHANGE IN LABORATORY DESIGN
Keywords:
Changement, Croissance, Flexibilité, Adaptabilité, Obsolescence, Laboratoires a caractères scientifiquesAbstract
Indiscutablement les phénomènes de changements et de croissance sont devenus des variables incontournables dans le contexte de la conception architecturale. La contention des effets d’obsolescence est impérative pour ces lieux d’enseignements. Le présent article tend à examiner d’une part les causes majeures dans la manifestation du phénomène de changement dans l’environnement bâti des laboratoires à caractères scientifiques. Et d’autre de mettre l’emphase sur l’impérieuse nécessite d’inclure un potentiel de changement et de croissance ainsi que de révéler les approches susceptibles de maintenir the state of fit à un degré satisfaisant eut égard l’interface users/space.
References
George D. Kuh et al.,( 2005) Student Success in College: Creating Conditions That Matter (San Francisco: Jossey- Bass), p. 314.
Drake F. and Williamson C., (1986) ‘The Efficient Laboratory, New Scientist, (12 June), p.44.
Lees R. and Smith A. F., (1984), Design, Construction and Refurbishement of Laboratories, (Chichester, Ellis Horwood Ltd.).
Hillier B. and Jones L., (May 1977) ‘Architecture at Crossroads’, New Scientist, Vol.74, No.1052, (19), p.360.
Laboratories Investigation Unit, (1969) An Approach to Laboratory Building, Paper No.1, (London, August).
The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principle, (2006) (Oxford, oxford University Press,), Vol.1, pp.22 & 768.
Ibid. p.10.
Whyte L.L., (1969) ‘This Graded Universe’, Architectural Design, (September) pp.503-504.
Jencks C., Modern Movements in Architecture, (1978)(London, Penguin Books, 1978).
Jaffe H. l.C., (1970) De Stijl « T. Van Doesburg », (London, Thames and Hudson, 1970).
Lynch K., (1958) ‘Environmental Adaptability’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, (January), p.16.
Ibid. p.16.
Ibid, p.16.
Moharram L. A., (1980) A Method for Evaluating the Flexibility of Floor plans in Multi-storey Housing, Ph. D Thesis, (University of Pennsylvania,), p.28.
Facwett W., (1978) A Mathematical Approach to Adaptability in Buildings Ph D Thesis, University of Cambridge (UK).
Heath T., (1984) Method in Architecture, (London, John Wiley & Sons,), p.94.
Lynch K., 1958, op. cit., p.16.
Cowan P., (1962) ‘Studies in the Growth, Change and Ageing of Buildings’, Transactions of the Bartlett Society, (U.C.L, School of Environmental Studies,) Vol.1, pp.53-85.
Weeks J., (1960) ‘Planning for Growth and Change’, The Architects’ Journal, (07 July), pp.20-22.
Jones E., ‘City Growth and Urban Development’, Transactions of the Bartlett Society, (U.C.L, School of Environmental. Vol Studies, 1963), Vol.1, pp.15-32.
Laboratories Investigation Unit, (1969) An Approach to Laboratory Building, Paper No.1, (London, August).
Nutt B. and Sears D., (1972) ‘Functional Obsolescence in the Planned Environment’, Environment and Planning, , Vol.4, pp.13-29.
Akhlaghi F., (1995) ‘Space Odyssey’ The Times Higher Education,.
Lovejoy D., (1993) ‘Adapting To the Needs of its Users’The AJ pp.27.
Medhurst D. F. and Lewis J. P., ( 1969) Urban Decay: an Analysis and Policy, (London, Macmillan).
Aylward G., (1979) ‘Conversion & Rehabilitation the subjective nature of Change and Stability’ In Designing for Change in Building Use, (Newnes-Butterworth, pp11).
Sears D., (1971) ‘Dynamic Spatial Classification’, Architectural Design, Vol.41, pp.439-441.
Nutt B., (2000) ‘Adapting and re-using Buildings’, International Journal Facilities Management Vol. 1 No3, pp113-121.
Cowan P., (1969), ‘On Irreversibility’, Architectural Design,
Vol.39, pp.485-486.
Heath T., (1984), op. cit., p.96.
Al-Nijaidi H. R., (1982) A Study of the Relationship between Change and Growth in Activity Patterns and the Physical Characteristics of Buildings, MPhil Thesis, (Oxford Polytechnic,), p.24. 32. Ibid, p.24.
Department For Education and Skills, (2004) ‘Schools For
The Future’, DfES, London.
Branton T. and Drake F., (1972) ‘Developing a Range of Adaptable Furniture and Services for Laborator
Organisation for Economic and Co-Operation Development, (1976) Providing for Future Change, Adaptability and Flexibility in School Buildings, (London, H.M.S.O.,).
Cowan P., 1962, op. cit., p.56.
Ibid, p.60.
Medawar P. B., (1945) ‘Size, Shape and Age’, Essays on Growth and Form, (Oxford, Clarendon Press,), pp.157-186.
Department of Education and Science, (1972) Polytechnic:
Planning for Development, Design Note No.8, , p.2.
Laboratories Investigation Unit, (1969), op. cit., p.7.
Cowan P. and Nicholson J., (1964) ‘Growth and Change in Hospitals’, Transactions of the Bartlett Society, (U.C.L, School of Environmental Studies), Vol.3, p.77.
William R. Edwald JR., (1968) Environment and Change: the
Next Fifty Years, (Bloomington & London, Indiana University Press,) p.132.
Ibid. p.132.
Branton T. & Drake F., 1972, op. cit., p.377.
Boud D., Dunn J. and Hegarty-Hazel E., (1986) Teaching in
Laboratories, (Surrey, SRHE & NFER-Nelson), p.15.
Weeks J., (1960), op. cit., p.20.
Laboratories Investigation Unit, (1971) Growth and Change
In Laboratory Activity, Paper No.3, (London,).
Brody D. & Associates Architects, (September 1968),
‘Experiment in Laboratory Design’, Progressive Architecture, p.132.
Progressive Architecture (Ed.), (April 1968), ‘The tools of
Education’, Progressive Architecture, p.145.
Duffy F. and Worthington J., (October 1972), ‘Design for
Changing Needs’, Built Environment, pp.458-463.
Zeidler E., (February 1969) ‘Can We Keep Hospitals From
Dying: The Need for Flexibility’, Progressive Architecture, pp.123.
Progressive Architecture (Ed.), (1968), op. cit., p.143.
U.T.M.U., A National Purpose for Higher Education (University of London, Institute of Education, London, not dated), p.32.
Musgrove J., (06 January 1965), ‘The Design of Laboratory
Spaces: Part two Services’, The Architects’ journal, p.48.
Laboratories Investigation Unit., (October 1977), The Charles Darwin Building: Bristol Polytechnic, Paper no.9, (London,), p.1.
Becher T., (1977), British Higher Education, London, Allen & Unwin,), p.161.
Progressive Architecture (Ed.), September 1968, op. cit.,
p.133.
Becher T., (1977), op. cit., p.161.
Branton T. & Drake F., (1972), op. cit. 378.
Laboratoires Investigation Unit, 1977, op. cit. p.6.
Al-Nijaidi, (1982), op. cit. p.27.
Ibid. p.27.
Laboratoires Investigation Unit, 1971, op. cit, p.11.
Cowan P. and Sears A., (1966), Growth Change, Adaptability and Location, (J.U.P.R., University College London and London School of Economics,).
Ibid.
Laboratories Investigation Unit, (1971), op. cit., p.11.
Popper K. R., (1969) The Poverty of Historicisms, (London,
Routledge & Kegan Sonp,), p.17.
Laboratories Investigation Unit, (1971), op. cit.
Duffy F. and Worthington J., (March 1977) ‘Organisational
Design’, Journal of Architectural Research, , p.5.
Weeks J. and best G., (1970), ‘Design Strategies for Flexible Health Science Facilities’, Health Services Research, Vol.5, No.3, p.263.
Heath T., ‘Designing for Change in Architecture: Diagnosis
and Cure’, Environmental Design: Research, Theory and Application, 1979, (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association,), p.157.
Lawson B., (1980) How Designers Think, (London, the Architectural Press Ltd.), p.85.
Hillier B., (1991) ‘Invisible College: Structure & Randomness in the Place of Discovery’ in Science in Context, Vol 4 No 1 pp23-49.
Musgrove J., (1965) ‘Briefing Guides For Laboratory Design’, The Architects Journal, (13 & 27 January).
Clynes R. E. and Branton A. J., (1984) ‘Flexibility and Adaptability: Alternative Design Strategies’, Design, Construction and Refurbishment of Laboratories, R. Lees & A. F. smith Editors, (Chichester, Ellis Horwood,), pp.49-50.
Ibid. p.50.
Laboratories Investigation Unit, (1969), op. cit., p.13.
Shabha G., & Rudge D., ‘ Is Uniformity the Key to Flexibility’, Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on
Design and Decision Support System in Architecture, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht pp. 165-177
Llewelyn-Davies, Weeks, Forestier- Walker and Bor, (1973), Long Life Loose Fit: A Comparative Study of Change in
Hospitals Buildings, (London, Llewelyn-Davies et. Al.,).
Oxman R., Herbert G. and Wachman A., ‘Hierarchical Organisation as a Strategy of Flexibility in Architectural
Design’, (September 1981), Architectural Science Review, Vol.27, No.3, pp.60-64.
Duffy F., , (1976) Planning Office Space, (London, the Architectural Press, London).
Al-Nijaidi H. R., (1985), Flexibility in the Design of Buildings, Ph. D Thesis, (Oxford Polytechnic), p.27.
Laboratories Investigation Unit, (1969), op. cit., pp.13 & 15.
Ibid, p.16.
Oxman R., Herbert G. and Wachman A., (1981), op. cit.
Cowan P. and Nicholson J., 1965, op. cit.
Cowan P., ‘Growth and Change in Hospitals’ (1964)Transactions of the Bartlett Society, (U.C.L, School of Environmental Studies), Vol.3, pp.63-88.
Gordon A., (January 1974), ‘Architects and Resources Conservation’, R.I.B.A Journal, pp.9-12.
Al-Nijaidi H. R., (1985), op. cit. p.38.
Lynch K., (1958), op. cit.
Heath T., (1984), op. cit.
Laboratoires Investigation Unit, (1969), op. cit.
Lawson B, (1980), op. cit.
Lynch K., (1958), op. cit., p.20.
Al-Nijaidi H. R., (1985), op. cit., p.38.
Lawson B., 1980, op. cit., p.80.
Ibid. p.84.
Al-Nijaidi, (1985), op. cit. p.40.
Ibid., p.40.
Weeks J., (1960), op. cit., p.20.
Lynch K., (1958), op. cit., p.19.
Aylawrd G. M., ‘Towards a Theory Describing and Designing Adaptability in the Built Environment’, (1968)
Transactions of the Bartlett Society, (U.C.L, School of Environmental Studies), Vol.7, (1968), p.142.
Lawson B., (1980), op. cit., 82.
Heath T., (1984), op. cit., p.101.
Aylward G. M., (1968), op. cit., p.141.
Laboratories Investigation Unit, (1969), op. cit., p.11.
Schulitz H. R., (March 1971) ‘Structure for Change and
Growth’, Architectural Forum, p.61.
Lawson B., (1980), op. cit., p.85.
Schulitz H. R., (1971), op. cit., p.61.
Heath T, (1979) , op. cit., p.158.
