HIGH LEVEL PRODUCTION OF THERMOSTABLE β-XYLANASE, CMC-ASE AND -GLUCOSIDASE BY AN ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS (FRESENIUS) ALBINO MUTANT STRAIN
الكلمات المفتاحية:
lignocellulosic materials، Carboxymethylcellulose، xylan، straw، cellulases، β-xylanases، thermophilic fungus، growth rate، submerged cultureالملخص
A local isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus (Fresenius) albino mutant obtained from rotten wood shavings, grew at 45°C on a solid medium containing cellulose as carbon source. This fungus can utilize a variety of lignocellulosic substrates, such as Kraft paper pulp, straw, microcrystalline cellulose and filter paper. The highest endoglucanase (CMC-ase), b-xylanase and b-glucosidase activities were obtained in shaken flasks at 45°C, with mainly oat straw as sole carbon source.
CMC-ase and b-xylanase activities showed the highest values (3.50 U/ml and 33 U/mI) at pH 4.0 and 5.0 respectively, and 70°C.
b-glucosidase activity was maximal at 65°C (43 U/ml ), CMC-ase and b-xylanase enzymes were active in a large pH spectrum (3.0 to 8.0) and showed high thermostability at 60°C and above, especially for CMC-ase.التنزيلات
المراجع
- Tangnu S.K., Blanch H.W. and Wilke C.R., "Enhanced production of cellulase, hemicellulase and beta-glucosidase by Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30", Biotechnol Bioeng., 23 (1981), pp.1873-1849.
- Chahal D.S., "Solide state fermentation with Trichoderma reesei for cellulase production", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol.49, n°1 (1985), pp.205-210.
- Uchida H., Kusakabe I., Kawabata Y., Ono T. and Murakawi K., "Production of xylose from xylan intracellular enzyme system of Aspergillus niger 5-16", J. Fermentation and Bioengineering, Vol.74, n°3 (1992), pp.153-158.
- Kubicek C.P., Messner R., Gruber F., Mach R.L. and Kubicek-Panz E.M., "The Trichoderma cellulase regulatory puzzle: from the interior life of a secretory fungus", Enzyme Microb. Technol., 15 (1993), pp.90-99.
- Vander Meer J.M. and Ketelaar R., In enzyme systems for lignocellulose degradation, pp.383-396, Ed. M.P. Coughlan, Elsevier Applied Science, New York, (1989).
- Giovanozzi S.G., Bertoni G. and Porri A., In enzyme systems for lignocellulose degradation, pp.371-382, Ed. M.P. Cughlan, Elsevier Applied Science, New York, (1989).
- Updegraff D.M., "Utilization of cellulose waste paper by Myrothecium verrucaria", Biotechnol. Bioeng. 13 (1971), pp.77-97.
- Eriksson K.E. and Larsson K., "Fermentation of waste mechanical fibers from a newsprint mill by the rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum", Biotechnol. Bioeng., 17 (1975), pp.327-348.
- Mandels M. and Weber J., The production of cellulases, In cellulases and their applications, Adv. Chem. Ser 95, pp.391-413, Ed. E.J. Hajny and E.T. Reese, Washington, USA, (1969).
- Ryu D.D. and Mandels M., "Cellulases: Biosynthesis and applications", Enzyme Microb. Technol., 2 (1980), pp.91-102.
- Szczodrak J., "Production cellulases and xylanases by Trichoderma reesei F-522 on pretreated wheat straw", Acta Biotechnol., 8, 6 (1988), pp.509-515.
- Cochet N., "Cellulases of Trichoderma reesei: influence of culture conditions upon the enzymatic profile", Enzyme Microb. Technol., 13 (1991), pp.104-109.
- Esterbauer H., Steiner W., Labudova I., Hermann A. and Hayn M., "Production of Trichoderma cellulase in laboratory and pilot scale", Bioresource Technology, 36 (1991), pp. 51-65.
- Chahal P.S., Chahal D.S. and André G., "Cellulase production profile of Trichoderma reesei on different cellulosic substrates at various pH levels", J. Ferment. Bioeng, Vol.74, n° 2 (1992), pp.126-128.
- Shepherd M.G., Cole A.L. and Tong C.C., Cellulases from Thermaoscus aurantiacus, In methods in Enzymology V.160, pp.300-307, Ed. W.A. Wood and S.T. Kellogs Academic Press Inc, USA, (1988).
- Bhat K.M. and Maheshwari R., "Sporotrichum thermophile growth cellulose degradation, and cellulase activity", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol.53, n°9 (1987), pp.2175-2182.
- Gomes J., Purkarthofer H., Hayn M., Kapplmuller J., Sinner M. and Steiner W., "Production of a high level of cellulase-free xylanase by the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus in laboratory and pilot scales using lignocellulosic materials", Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 39 (1993), pp.700-707.
- Stewart J.C. and Parry J.B., "Factors influencing the production of cellulase by Aspergillus fumigatus (Fresenius)", Journal of General Microbiology, 125 (1981), pp.33 - 39.
-Tansey M.R., "Isolation of thermophilic fungi from self heated wood chip piles", Mycologia, 63 (1971), pp.537-547.
- Tansey M.R., "Agar Diffusion assay of cellulolytic ability of thermophilic fungi", Arch. Microbiol.,77 (1971), pp.1-11.
- Grajeck W., "Comparative studies on the production of cellulases by thermophilic fungi in submerged and solide state fermentation", Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 26 (1987), pp.126-129.
- Woodward J. and Wiseman A., "Fungal and other -glucosidase-their properties and applications", Enzyme Microbiol, 44 (1982), pp.1289-1295.
- Yeoh H.H., Tan T.K., Chua S.L. and Lim G., "Properties of -glucosidase purified from Aspergillus niger ", Mircen Journal, 4 (1988), pp.425-430.
- Madamwar D., Ratel S. and Barinh H.," Solide state fermentation for cellulases and beta-glucosidase production by Aspergillus niger", J. fermentation Bioeng., Vol.67, n°6 (1989), pp.424-426.
- Yeoh H.H., Tan T.K. and Koh S.K., "Kinetic proprieties of -glucosidase from Aspergillus ornatus", Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 25 (1986), pp.25–28.
- Miller G.L., "Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar", Anal. Chem., 31 (1959), pp.426-428.
- Wood T.M. and Bhat K.M., Methods For measuring cellulase activities, In Methods in Enzymology, Vol.160, pp.87-112, Ed. W.A. Wood and S.T. Kellogs, Academic Press Inc., USA, (1988).
- Bremmer J.M., Methods of soil analysis, Part 2, In chemical and biological properties, chap 83, pp.1149-1179, Ed Black, Evans, White, Eniminger and Clark, American Society of agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, (1965).
- Raper K.B. and Fennell D.I., The genus Aspergillus, Ed. Robert E. Krieger, Publishing Company, Huntington, New York, (1977).
- Botton A., Breton A., Fevre M., Gauthier S., Guy Ph, Larpent J.P., Reymond P., Sanglier J.J., Vayssier Y. and Veau P., Moisissures utiles et nuisibles - importance industrielle, 2nd Edition, Masson, 511p, Paris, Milan, Barcelone, Mexico, (1990).
- Czajkowska D., Hornecka D., Iloka-Olejniczak O., "Biosynthesis of cellulolytic enzymes by Aspergillus niger A.n 33 and its selectants", Acta. Biotechnol., 8 (1988), pp.349-355.
- Tan T.K., Yeoh H.H. and Tian K.E., "Cellulolytic fungi isolated from wood shavings", Mycopathologia, 90 (1985), pp.97-99.
- Kitreechavanich V., M. Hayashi S. Nagai, "Purification and charactarization of extracellular beta- xylosidase and beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus", Agric. Biol. Chem., 50 (1986), pp.1703-1711.
- Parry J.B., Stewart J.C. and Heptinstall J., "Purification of the major endoglucanase from Aspergillus fumigatus (Fresenius)", Biochem. J 213 (1983), pp.437- 444.
- Ghosh M., Das A., Mishra A.K. and Nanda G., "Aspergillus sydowii M G 49, is a strong producer of thermostable xylanolytic enzymes", Enzyme Microb. Technol., 15 (1993), pp.703–709.
- Tenkanen M., Puls J. and Poutanen K., "Two major xylanases of Trichoderma reesei", Enzyme Microb. Technol., 14 (1992), pp.566-574.
- Milagres A.M.F., Lacis L.S. and Prade R.A., "Characterization of xylanase production by a local isolate of Penicillium janthinellum", Enzyme Microb. Technol., 15 (1993), pp.248-253.
