تمظهر الرسائل في المنجز الروائي الإنجليزي والفرنسي في القرن الثامن عشر - دراسة مقارنة -

- (Godfrey,Frank Singer, the epistolary novel, p;6-7 ) .

- The epistolary novel: its origin, develoment, decline, and residuary influence, by godfrey frank, philadelphia, 1993. P: 01.

- (Godfrey,Frank Singer, the epistolary novel, p; 1 -2 ) .

- Residuary Influence ,by Godfrey Frank Singer, Philadelphia, 1933. P: 1-2

- The Oxford Companion English Literature, p, 965

- The Oxford Companion English Literature, p, 925 -26

- ظهرت أسماء كتاب في جنس الرسائل الروائية؛ منهم: Marie Arouet Voltaire(1694 -1778) , Jean Jacques Rousseau(1712 -78), Charles Louis Montesquieu(1689 -1755) , Diderot, Denis, (1713 -1784) Alexander Pop(1688 -1744), Samuel Johnson (1784 – 1709),Samuel Richardson (1689 -1761), Joseph Addison(1672 -1719), John Dryden,

- صمويل ريتشاردسون Samuel Richardsonمن كتاب جنس الرسائل الروائية، الكاتب الإنجليزي 1689 -1761 ومن مؤلفاته التي تجسد هذا النوع الأدبي روايتا باملاPamela(1740) تعتبر من أبرز الأعمال الأدبية التي تُدرَّس في الجامعات الأمريكية والأوروبية حتَّى يومنا هذا. فالرواية تصور الواقع الأخلاقي للمجتمع الغربي الذي ساده الفساد في القرن 18thصاغها في رسائل كتبت من قبل بطلة الرواية باملال بطلة الرواية باملا التي كانت تعمل خادمة عند إحدى سيدات انجلترا، وكانت تتحدّث في رسائلها عن السيدات الإنجليزيات ذوات الطّبقة العالية وكيفية الحياة المترفة التي تعيشها هذه الشريحة من النساء.

وتعتبر رواية باميلا من أبرز الأعمال الأدبية التي تُدرَّس في الجامعات الأمريكية والأوروبية حتَّى يومنا هذا. وهي تصور الواقع الأخلاقي للمجتمع الغربي الذي ساده الفساد في القرن الثامن عشر، صاغها في شكل رسائل. Godfrey Frank Singer, The Epistolary Novel, Philadelphia Press, 1933,P33

امتدت شهرته إلى فرنسا، فاستعمله جان جاك روسّو Jean Jacques Rousseau في روايته(هيلوويز الجديدة) la Nouvelle Héloïse و تشارلز دي مونتيسكيوCharles. de Montesquieu (1689- 1755) وهو من أشهر الكتّاب الفرنسيين الذين اشتهروا بكتابة الرسائل القصصيّة في الأدب الفرنسي في القرن الثّامن عشر. أشهر أعماله الأدبية "الرسائل الفارسيّة" Persian Letters وهي عبارة عن 161رسالة كتبت في قالب قصصي من قبل شخصيّات افترضها الكاتب في قالب روائي، معظم شّخصيّات الرواية ليسوا من المجتمع الفرنسي، بل من بلاد فارس يتراسلون مع بعضهم مشيرين في رسائلهم إلى نواقص المجتمع الفرنسي وسلبيّاته، يهدف مونتيسكيو في هذه الرسائل إلى نقد المجتمع الفرنسي في القرن الثّامن عشر.أنظر Master plots, volume, 8 , p, 4607

- "Pamela", or "Virtue Rewarded" is a romantic tale that created, in effect, the epistolary form of the novel. Richardson's obvious absorption in preaching a moral does not hold =our attention today, but the work is valuable for the picture it presents of life in the eighteenth century and of the code of morals to which people then held. The device of letter writing to tell a story does not always stand up under the test of reality, but its failure is more a matter for amusement than for condemnation. Richardson was a pioneer of the English novel, and he wrote with a moral earnestness and innocence of =technique impossible for the modern writer.( See: Master Plots, Revised Edition, Edited by Frank N. Magill Volume 8, Salem Press 1967 P: 4472 )

- ورد تقييم نقدي لقصة باميلا Pamela أن المؤلف ريتشاردسون Richardson منح قصته قوة باستعمال أسلوب الرسائل القصصية، يقول:

Frank N, Magill: "The strength of the plot structure lies in Richardson's epistolary form which, its shortcomings notwithstanding, does convey a degree of realism. Letters are normally a means for the relation of one's common factual doings, and they presuppose an actual writer and an actual reader .See:Master plots , volume 8Editted by, Frank N, Magill, Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632, P4475

- Although the writing is in a formal mode in keeping with the status of the correspondents, Montesquieu's tone and style never become stiff or artificial. The satire is by turns muted in the mellowness of friendly correspondence and proclaimed in the harshness of international criticism…. In spite of Montesquieu's title, the aim of writing is not a sociological pictureof life in a Pesian harem. It is a subtle, accurate satire of French society pointing up the decadent attitudes and loose morals from 1712, in the last years of the reign of Louis xiv and the reign of Philip Due de Orleans, during the minority of Louis xv. (Master plots , volume 8, p: 4607 ) .

- Yes, I have deceived you, I had ledaway your aunuchs … and I have known how to turn your frightful seraglio into a place of pleasure and delight. …How could you think that I was such a weakling as to imagine there was nothing for me in the world but to worship your caprices; that while you indulged all your desires, you should have the right to thwart me in all mine? I have remodeled your laws upon those of nature; and my mind has always maintained its independence Master plots vol 8, p4608

- تشير نظرية "الطبقة الفراغية" التي جاء بها عالم الاجتماع الأمريكي Fablen إلى أن المترفين من أبناء الطبقات العليا يحاولون بكل جهدهم أن يتّخذوا من المظاهر والشّعائر الخارجية ما يميزهم عن أبناء الطّبقات الدنيا، فهم يحرصون على أن تكون مظاهرهم معقّدة وملابسهم وأدواتهم غالية الثّمن لكي لا يستطيع الفقراء منافستهم عليها. أنظر: ضياء خفيّر، ثنائيات مقارنة، ص 200

- In the beginning they [women] copied men, and saw through men's eyes, because – here and elsewhere – they assumed that men's dicta and practice in life and art were their only possible guides and examples, women to – day take up every form of fiction attempted by men because they assume that their powers are as great, their right to express themselves equally varied( Brimley Johnson, The Women Novelist, p:150) A bluestocking is n educated intellectual women, The term most often refers to a specific group of 18th century intellectual and learned women led by the hostess and critic Elizabeth Montegu (1720 – 1800) who later called; " The Queen of the Blue" The of bluestocking including : Elizabeth Vesey (1715 – 1791) , HasterChapone (1727 -1801) Elizabeth Carter (1717 -1806), Hannah More (1745 – 1833), and Frances Burney (1762 – 1840), Ann Yearsley (1753 – 1806) Catharine Macaulay (1731 -1791) Mary Moser (1744 -1819) Anna Seward (1742 -1809), HasterChapone (1727 – 1801) Angelica Kauffman (1741 – 1807), Frances Bossawen (1719 -1805) Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 -1797)).Mary Manly (1663 – 1724) See Ethel Rolt

Wheeler, Famous Blue –Stocking, p. 23).كما رصد معجم الكاتبات الإنجليزيات والأمريكانيات عددا من الكاتبات، منهم على سبيل المثال لا الحصر: 1762 - 1689) Lady Mary Wortley Montagu، إليزا بيث مونتيجيو( Elizabeth Montagu(1720Dorothy Osborne، Emily EdenIsabella Bird

AphraBehn, Fanny Burney, Eliza Hawood, Elzabeth Montagu, Lady Mary Wortly, Isabella Bird ، Hannah More – 1800 وقد رصد هذا القاموس 467 كاتبة إنجليزية وفرنسية.Writers 1660 American British and See : A dictionary Of

- Mrs .Behn was a middle – class woman with all the plebeian virtues of humour ,vitality and courage ; a woman forced by the death of her husband and some unfortunate a adventures of her own to make her living by her wit . she had to work on equal terms with men. She made , by working hard , enough to live on. The importance of that face outweighs anything that she actually wrote for here begins the freedom of the mind, or rather the possibility that in the course of time the mind will be free to write that it likes… AphraBehn proved that money could be made bya agreeable qualities. Woolf 95 – 97)

- Elizabeth Montagu , واحدة من the bluestockings كتبت رسالة عن صديقة لها تقول:

I really believe she was just some like Eve before she ate the apple, at least she answers to Milton's description of her. She would have preferred her husband's discourse to the angles. I am afraid you and I my dear friend should have entered some metaphysical disquisitions with the angel, we are not so perfectly the rib of man as woman ought to be ( See 800 Years of Women's Letters ,p: xiv )

- The Forc'd) Marriage, The Amorous Prince, Like Father, Like So British And n, The Emperor of the Moon The History of the Nun ,The Counterfeit Bridegroom

See A dictionary of British and American Women Writers 1660 - 1800, P;43

- Fanny Burney, one of the talented and gifted writers, says In the following letter: "I am now writing in the pleasantest place belonging to this house. It is called sometimes the "Look out" as ships are observed from hence, and at other times the cabin. It is at the end of a long garden that runs along the house. I always spend the evening , sometimes all the afternoon, in this sweet cabin , except sometimes , when unusually thoughtful. I prefer the garden . I cannot express the pleasure .I have in writing down my thoughts , at the very moment – my opinion of people when I first see them, and how I alter or confirm myself in them. There is something to me very unsatisfactory in passing year after year without even a memorandum of what youndid . And then, all the happy hours I spend with particular friends and favorites would fade from my recollection" ( d, Arbly 226 )

- Lady Mary Wortle Montagu is well known for her lively interest in intellectual and social concerns, particularly women's right and education. Her lively correspondence appears in various letters of her literary works. In this letter she gives unusual advice on the need for developing interests, since even a rich woman is 'destined' for retiring life.

- Dear child, You have given me a great deal of satisfaction by your account of your eldest daughter, I am particularly pleased to hear she is a good arithmetician; it is the best proof of understanding; the knowledge of numbers is one of the chief distinctions between us and brutes. If there is anything in blood, you may reasonably expect your children should be endowed with an uncommon share of good sense. MrWortly's family and mine have both produced some of the greatest men that have been born in England. I will therefore speak to you as supposing Lady Mary not only capable, but desirous of learning ; in that case by all means let her be indulged in it. You will tell me I did not make it a part of your education: your prospect was very different from hers. As you had much in your circumstances to attract the highest offers, it seemed your business to learn how to live in the world , as it is hers, to know how to be easy out of it. … Learning, if she has a real taste for it, will not only make her contented, but happy in it. No entertainment is so cheap as reading , nor any pleasure so lasting, She will not want new fashions, nor regret the loss of expensive diversions, or variety of company, if she can be amused with an author, in her closet. To render this amusement complete, she should be permitted to learn the languages. (see 800 Years of Women's Letters p: 11 )

- I am well situated for airing being on the edge of a turnpike road, and the said road commands as good a prospect as any in this part of the country, but the amenity of our southern countries is not to be found here. The people here are little better than savages, and their countenances bear the marks of hard labor and total ignorance. Our pitmen are literally as black as a coal; they earn much more than laborers, their children get a shilling a day at 9 or 10 years old, but they are so barbarous and uncultivated. …" ( see: Irving, 1955, 53)

- It had many functions: to inform; to instruct (children, even monarchs at times); to entertain family and friends with descriptions of society or daily life(by writers as amusing as Madame de Sévigné and Fanny Burney); to keep up relationships (a female quality) ; to convey news, to recount travels, to give advice on many issues, from personal to public; to explore psychological problems, often with wisdom and insight, before counseling was

thought of; to keep in touch, to offer love and express caring ( se800 years 0f Women's Letters, p:ix

- French Women in the eighteenth century, used translation to educate themselves, and participate publicly in the literary and scientific debates of their time. Their practice of translation was in fact linked to gender issues they sought to address an attempt of their position in society. See (Women writers and Translation in Eighteenth- century France, by Marie–Pascal Pieretti, The French Review,vol,75,No 3, February, 2002, p: 474)

- The women letter – writers' ability to use many types of discourse is evident. They include the conversational, the descriptive, the dramatic, the caring, the spiritual – some of which may be termed "feminine" and rational, philosophical discourse, … since it was too frequently the preserve of males in power, …With many women, skill in using the pen to persuade was highly developed.

- نموذج من رسائل مدام دي فاند:

En Effet, les lettres de la marquise, chef d’œuvre de grâce, foisonnant de récits alertes, constituent une mine de renseignements sur de nombreux événement et personnes. De plus, elles forment non seulement une chronique, la transcription d’une actualité individuelle; elles représentent la transformation d’une réalité quotidienne dans un temps écoulé’. Elles ne diront jamais assez puisqu' une lettre est toujours si incomplète et une vie si complexe que toute interprétation la viole '.(see Klerks, 1961, p: 9-10)

- النموذج التالي من رسائلهما يوضح بعضًا من آرائهما:

Je n’attendrai point que j’aie reçu une lettre de Londres pour vous écrire: nous sommes convenus que j’en passerais mon envie aussitôt qu’ ' elle me prendrait (Walpole, Vol. III, p. 10.).

Vous me ferez in plaisir extrême de ne me laisser rien ignorer de tout ce qui vous intéresse; notre correspondance ne saurait être trop intime... (Walpole, Vol. III, p. 22.).

Notre correspondance deviendra pénible et très peu satisfaisante si vous ne mettez pas pied à terre, et si vous ne répondez pas bêtement à toutes mes bêtises (Walpole, Vol. III, p. 32.).

Je ne comprends pas comment j'étais tombée à user d'un langage que j'ai toujours fui et proscrit, et que vous aves toute raison de détester. Voilà donc un nouveau baptême, et nous allons être l'un et l'autre bien plus à notre aise (Walpole, Vol. III, p. 146.).

En ne faisant rien, en ne disant rien, et même en ne pensant rien (car il est à propos d'aller jusque- là), on évite de déplaire, on se procure de la tranquillité à soi-même, on ouvre les lettres on revoit sans craintes et sans terreurs, on est sûr de n'y rien trouver qui choque, on s'en tient là, parce qu'à toute force on se passe de ce qui fait plaisir. (Walpole, Vol. III, p. 295)

- Les appréciations de Mme du Deffand sur les œuvres ressemblent en quelque manière à celle de son correspondant. Aussi ses opinions les mieux développées se présentent-elles sous la forme orale presque toujours dans un contexte dialogue. Pour que sa conviction se fasse jour, il faut que son impression personnelle s'oppose d'une apologie,… ( see Lionel Duisit 39 )

يقول أوليفر بيرنير ((Olivier Bernier:

"ًWalpole wasfinally able to do hisfriend justice. By publishing her letters, he made sure that long after the reputation of her salon had faded, Mme du Deffand would be remembered gratefully by all those who find pleasure in a lively mind and a sharp pen" ( Bernier, 1981, 34)

- These Letter are valuable for many reasons, including the range in the earlier centuries women's correspondence of topics discussed, and variety of styles. They show women using one of the few forms of writing open to them with wit and skill. Already matches the expressiveness if not erudition of mens'. By the sixteenth century their scope has increased and they use the more complex, gravely formal discourse of Tudor age, to draw attention to female needs . Lively conversational modes developed in the eighteenth century, when women were famed for their wit and political acumen. They prefigure the direct, sometimes colloquial registers of today. This wealth demonstrated that a tradition of female letter-writing has existed for at least eight centuries. (see 800 tears of Women's Letters, by OLGA KENYON, Sutton Publishing Limited, 1997, P:ix Introduction

- بعض من هؤلاء الكاتبات كن يصدرن أعمالهن الأدبية بأسمائهن، لكن بعضًا من الكاتبات كن يصدرن مؤلفاتهن تحت أسماء مستعارة، أو يخترن صفة لهن فقط؛ مثال السيدة،(By a lady) هذه الظاهرة استمرت حتّى أواخر القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل التاسع عشر. أي حتى عصر جين أوستين (Jane Austin) في إنجلترا و مدام دي ستال (Mme de Stael) في فرنسا. ولكن في النصف الثاني من القرن الثامن عشر، تقبل المجتمع الإنجليزي والفرنسي ككاتبات رسميات، وأصبح بعض منهن يعتمدن على دخلهن من التأليف وما يحصلن عليه من بيع أعمالهن الأدبية. (Halsband , 1976, 55 ٍSee)