Tracing the Roots of American Cinematic Vilification of Arabs and Muslims

المؤلفون

  • فاطمة الزهراء مشري قسم الآداب واللغة الإنجليزية، جامعة الأخوة منتوري قسنطينة، الجزائر

الكلمات المفتاحية:

المسلمون والعرب، السينما الأمريكية، التمثيل النمطي

الملخص

تعد السينما الأمريكية مليئة بالصور النمطية لمختلف المجموعات الدينية و العرقية. من بين كل الصور و التحريفات التي تملئ هوليود تعد تلك الخاصة بالعالم الإسلامي و سكانه الأكثر ضررا. منذ أن بدأ التصوير و الإنتاج السينيماتوغرافي في الظهور، أظهرت هوليود العربي على أنه شخصية إرهابية وبربرية وعنيفة في معظم الأفلام. تتطرق هذه المقالة إلى ما يروج هذه الصور السلبية عن العرب و المسلمين، من أين تأتي، و لماذا تستمر في الظهور في السينما الأمريكية. حيث تحاول إظهار كيف أن الخوف من الأخر أدى إلى خلق شخصية العربي الخطير في السينما الأمريكية .

التنزيلات

بيانات التنزيل غير متوفرة بعد.

المراجع

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التنزيلات

منشور

2023-10-01

كيفية الاقتباس

مشري ف. ا. (2023). Tracing the Roots of American Cinematic Vilification of Arabs and Muslims. مجلة العلوم الإنسانية, 34(3), 111–120. استرجع في من https://revue.umc.edu.dz/h/article/view/4083

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