Barack Obama and the Closure of Guantanamo Prison, 2009

Youcef Toufouti

Auteurs-es

Youcef Toufouti Faculté des Lettres et des Langues, Université 20 aout 1955 Skikda, Algérie.

Mots-clés :

le Congrès, Afghanistan, les détenus, Barack Obama, prison de Guantanamo

Résumé

Comme Guantanamo est la prison la plus connue au monde par sa pire réputation, le président américain Barack Obama estimait que sa fermeture, dès la première année à la tête de la Maison Blanche, serait facile à réaliser. Or ce n’était pas le cas. Juste après son élection, Obama avait su que sa promesse était irréalisable vu les nombreux facteurs qui l’avaient surpris et qui empêchaient la fermeture de la prison de Guantanamo; par conséquent, cet article présente une analyse des principales raisons pour lesquelles Obama n’avait pas pu tenir à sa promesse de fermer cette prison.

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Références

(1) Administration of Barack H. Obama (2009), Remarks Following a Meeting with Retired Military Officers, 22 January 2009, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-200900013/html/DCPD-200900013.htm.

(2) For more on the operation ‘Enduring Freedom,’ a documentary is available on YouTube, “Operation Enduring Freedom- Afghanistan War (documentary),” YouTube, uploaded by Maharbal5022, 20 September 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mHQkVHZjfc

(3) “Guantanamo Inmates Say They were Sold,” NBCNEWS.com, last update 31 May 2005, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8049868/ns/world_news/t/guantanamo-inmates-say-they-were-sold/#.XbqpBpJKjIU

(4) “Guantanamo by the Numbers,” ACLU, last update May 2018, https://www.aclu.org/issues/national-security/detention/guantanamo-numbers

(5) Ingrid Arnesen, “Detainees Not Covered by Geneva Conventions,” CNN.com, 9 June 2004, http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/06/09/detention.report/.

(6) Mark Denbeaux, Joshua W. Denbeaux, and John Gregorek, “Report on Guantanamo Detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees Through Analysis of Department of Defense Data,” Seton Hall Public Research Paper No. 46, (February 2006), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=885659

(7) United States Government, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States George Walker Bush 2002 (Government Printing Office, 2005), p.458.

(8) White House, Military Order, “Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War against Terrorism,” U.S. Department of State Archive, 13 November 2001, https://2001-2009.state.gov/coalition/cr/prs/6077.htm

(9) “Responsibility for the Treatment of Prisoners,” Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949, Part II, Article 12, p. 96, https://www.un.org › Doc.32_GC-III-EN.pdf.

(10) cited in John B. Bellinger,“Obama, Bush, and the Geneva Conventions,” FP, 11 August 2010, https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/08/11/obama-bush-and-the-geneva-conventions/

(11) Ruth Wedgwood and Major General Geoffrey Miller, interview by Jeffrey Kaye, 22 January 2003, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military/jan-june03/detainees_1-22.html

(12) John Hickman, Selling Guantanamo: Exploding the Propaganda Surrounding America’s Most Notorious Military Prison (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2013), p. 8.

(13) Qtd in Kim Lane Scheppele, “From War on Terrorism to Global Security Law,” IAS, 2013, https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2013/scheppele-terrorism

(14) Frederick L. Borch, “Why Military Commissions Are the Proper Forum and why Terrorists Will Have Full and Fair Trials,” The Army Lawyer, November 2003, p. 10.

(15) Qtd in Robert Farley, “Dick Cheney Says only Three Terror Suspects were ever Water boarded,” POLITIFACT, 21 May 2009, https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2009/may/21/dick-cheney/dick-cheney-says-only-three-terror-suspects-were-e/

(16) Morris Davis, “Unforgivable Behavior, Inadmissible Evidence,” The New York Times, 17 February 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/opinion/17davis.html

(17) Laurel E. Fletcher et al, The Guantanamo Effect: Exposing the Consequences of U.S. Detention and Interrogation Practices (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009), p. 120.

(18) Anthony O’Rourke, “The Speedy Trial Right and National Security Detentions,” Journal of International Criminal Justice, 12 (27 July 2014), pp. 871-885.

(19) Qtd in Sara Hussein and Lucile Malandain, “9/11 Plotters Face Death Penalty in New York Trial,” The Sydney Morning Herald, 14 November 2009, https://www.smh.com.au/world/911-plotters-face-death-penalty-in-new-york-trial-20091114-ifdh.html

(20) “Closing Guantanamo: The Legal and Policy Issues,” Proceedings of the Annual Meeting- American Society for International Law, 103 (2009), p. 129.

(21) “President Obama Signs Indefinite Detention Bill into Law,” ACLU, 31 December 2011, https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/president-obama-signs-indefinite-detention-bill-law

(22) David Welna, “Senate Debates Treatment of Detainees,” NPR, 17 June 2005, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4707429

(23) Nail A. Lewis, “Report Discredits FBI Claims of Abuse at Guantanamo Bay,” The New York Times, 14 June. 2005, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/14/politics/report-discredits-fbi-claims-of-abuse-at-guantanamo-bay.html

(24) Qtd in John Hendren, “Witnesses Support Guantanamo,” Los Angeles Times, 30 June. 2005, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-30-na-gitmo30-story.html

(25) “Barack Obama: Speech on American Values and National Security,” American Rhetoric, 21 May 2009, https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/barackobama/barackobamanationalarchives.htm

(26) Jim Loney, “Keep Guantanamo Open, Sept 11 Families Say,” The Star Online, 17 July 2009, https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2009/07/17/keep-guantanamo-open-sept-11-families-say

(27) David M. Herszenhorn, “Funds to Close Guantanamo Denied,” The New York Times, 20 May 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/21/us/politics/21detain.html

(28) Connie Bruck, “Why Obama Has Failed to Close Guantanamo,” The New Yorker, 25 July 2016, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/08/01/why-obama-has-failed-to-close-guantanamo

(29) Charlie Savage, “In a Reversal, Sept. 11 Suspects to Be Tried in Military Court,” The New York Times, 4 April. 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/05gitmo.html

(30) Devon Chaffee, “The Cost of Indefinitely Kicking the Can,” Journal of International Law, 42: 1-2 (2009), p. 187.

(31) Patricio Henriquez, “The Guantanamo 22,” Aljazeera, 9 December 2015, https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2015/12/uighur-guantanamo-22-151206112137598.html

(32) Ibid

(33) Richey Warren, “Supreme Court Declines Case: US Can Move Detainees without Notice,” Christian Science Monitor, 22 March 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2010/0322/Supreme-Court-declines-case- US-can-move-detainees-without-notice.

(34) qtd in Press Release, Council of the European Union, Joint Statement of the European Union and its Member States and the United States of America on the Closure of the Guantanamo Bay Detention Facility and Future Counterterrorism Cooperation, 11 June 2009, http://www. Consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/108455.pdf

(35) Peter Finn, “Administration Makes Progress on Resettling Detainees,” Washington Post, 20 August 2009, A03.

(36) qtd in Antje Passenheim, “HRW: Easing Restrictions in Guantanamo,” DW, 21 December 2013, https://www.dw.com/en/hrw-easing-restrictions-in-guantanamo-a-promising-sign/a-17314956

(37) Jasmine Coleman, “Guantanamo Bay: Why are so Many Inmates from Yemen?” BBC News, 24 May 2013, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22661053

(38) Robert F. Worth, “Freed by the U.S., Saudi becomes a Qaeda Chief,” The New York Times, 22 January 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/23/world/middleeast/23yemen.html

(39) “Obama and US Courts Repatriate Algerian from Guantanamo against his Will,” 21 July 2010, http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2010/07/21/obama-and-us-courts-repatriate-algerian-from-guantanamo-against-his-will-may-be-complicit-in-torture/

(40) Associated Press, Guantanamo by the Numbers, http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/1332285.html