From the Spoken to the Written Word: An Account of Pre-Twentieth Century Literacy in England

Auteurs-es

  • Samih AZOUI Département d’Anglais Ecole Normale Supérieure Constantine

Résumé

This article looks at literacy in England from Roman times to the close of the nineteenth century. By exploring the changing significance of literacy and its spread among the different social classes, the article is intended to offer a contribution to a better understanding of the impact of literacy on the unfolding of the social history of England.

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Biographie de l'auteur-e

Samih AZOUI, Département d’Anglais Ecole Normale Supérieure Constantine

Département d’Anglais

 

Références

-John Oxenham, Literacy: Writing, Reading, and Social Organisation (London: Routledge, 1980), p. P. 60, see also Jim Mackenzie, “The Idea of Literacy,” Journal of Philosophy of Education, (Blackwell, Volume 34, Number 2, May 2000), pp. 209-228; Stuart Piggott, Ancient Europe from the Beginnings of Agriculture to Classical Antiquity: A Survey (Michigan: Michigan University Press, 1966), p. 16; Harald Haarmann, Early Civilisation and Literacy in Europe (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996), p. 6; see also Alfred Burns, The Power of the Written Word: The Role of Literacy in the History of Western Civilization (New York: Peter Lang), 1989; Viv Edwards and David Corson, Literacy (London: Kluwer, 1997), p. 19.

- Joan Liversidge, Britain in the Roman Empire (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968), pp. 305­22;

Sheppard Sunderland Frere, Britannia: a history of Roman Britain, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987), pp 98, 192, 298-99, 302-4; Nicholas Orme, Medieval Schools: From Roman Britain to Renaissance England (Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 15 ff.

- Marilynne Raybould, A Study of Inscribed Material from Roman Britain: An Inquiry Into Some Aspects of Literacy in Romano-British Society (Michigan: Michigan University Press, 1999) P.5.

- Asa Briggs, A Social History of England, 2nd ed. (1987; rpt. London: Penguin books, 1991), p. 47.

-Beowulf, edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea House, 1987)

- Antony Charles Thomas, Britain and Ireland in Early Christian Time: A.D. 400-800 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1971), pp. 99­105, 126­34.

- Keynes, Simon and Michael Lapidge, Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources (Middlesex: Penguin Books, Ltd.), 1984. pp. 6, 30-36, 123-24, 131, 138,153.

- In Robert Pattison, On Literacy: The Politics of the Word from Homer to the Age of Rock (Oxford: OUP, 1984), pp. 90-1.

- Susan Kelly, “Anglo-Saxon Lay Society and the Written Word,” The Uses of Literacy in Early Medieval Europe, (ed.) Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: CUP, 1992), pp. 36-7.

- Joan Simon, The social origins of English education (London: Routledge & Kegan Paule, 1970), pp, 60­77, and Henry Stanley Bennett, Life on the English manor: a study of peasant conditions, 1150-1400 (Cambridge: CUP, 1937), pp. 27­37, 259­74.

- H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, The Governance of Medieval England from the Conquest to Magna Carta (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1963), p. 272.

- Asa Briggs, p. 50.

- John Lawson & Harold Silver, A Social History of Education in England (London: Methuen, 1976), p. 36.

- Stanley James Curtis, History of Education in Great Britain, 7th ed. (London: University Tutorial Press, 1967), pp. 4-5; See Leona Christine Gabel, Benefit of clergy in England in the later Middle Ages (New York: Octagon Books, 1969).

-Vivian Hunter Galbraith, ‘Literacy of the medieval English kings,’ Medieval England, (ed.) Austin Lane Pool, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958), p.27.

- Bennett, pp. 288­90; Lawson & Silver, pp37­38.

-Richardson & Sayles, p. 282.

-Lawson & Silver, p. 38.

- Sir Frederick Maurice Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, 1216­1307, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), pp. 89­90.

- Lawson & Silver, p. 39.

- A. F. Leach, The Schools of Medieval England, pp. 329-31 (London: Methuen, 1915), pp. 329-31.

- See Denys Hay, ‘The Early Renaissance in England,’ From the Renaissance to the Counter Reformation, (ed.) Charles Howard Carter (London: Cape 1966), p.99; Sylvia L. Thrupp, The merchant class of medieval London, 1300-1500 (Michigan: Michigan University Press, 1948, rpt.1989), pp. 156­8.

- Daniel Defoe, “The Great Law of Subordination Consider’d” (1724), Religious and Didactic Writings of Daniel Defoe, ed. P. N. Furbank et al., Vol. 6 (London: Pickering & Chatto Publishers), 2006.

- George Gordon Coulton, Social Life in Britain from the Conquest to the Reformation (Cambridge: CUP 1918), pp. 57­8.

- Curtis, p. 50.

-York District Probate Registry, Testamenta Eboracensia: a selection of wills from the Registry at York, 6 vols. (Durham: Andrews & Co., 1902) vol. 3, p. 98.

- Henry Stanley Bennett, English Books and Readers, 1475­1557, 2nd ed. (London: CUP, 1969), pp. 19­29.

- In Norman Wood, The Reformation and English education: a study of the influence of religious uniformity on English education in the sixteenth century (London: Routledge, 1931), p.4.

- Arthur Geoffrey Dickens, The English Reformation, 2nd ed. (London: Batsford, 1989), pp. 189­90.

- Henry Stanley Bennett, English Books and Readers 1558-1608 (Cambridge: CUP 1965), p. 93.

- Victor H. T. Skip, ‘Economic and social change in the Forest of Arden, 1530-1649,’ Church, Land, and People (Reading: British Agricultural History Society, 1970) pp. 110-11; see Joan Thirsk ed., Land, Church and People: Essays presented to professor H. P. R. Finberg (Reading: Museum of English Rural Life, 1970).

- Lawrence Stone, ‘Educational revolution in England, 1560-1640’, Past and Present: a journal of historical studies Past and Present, XLII (1969), pp. 43-4.

-Lawrence Stone, ‘Literacy and education in England 1640-1900’, Past and Present, XLII (1969), pp. 99-102.

-Austin Woolrych, ‘The debates from the perspective of the army,’ in Michael Mendle, The Putney Debates of 1647: The Army, the Levellers, and the English State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 54; Tristram Hunt, ‘A jewel of democracy,’ The Guardian, October 26, 2007 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/26/humanrights.past).

- William Lucas Sargant, ‘On the progress of elementary education’, Journal of the Statistical Society of London (March 1867), p. 50; see his Lord Lyttelton and Mr. William Lucas SARGANT … on the Education of Birmingham, and on Commissions of Inquiry (Birmingham: Benjamin Hall, 1865).

- W. P. Baker, Parish Register and Illiteracy in East Yorkshire (York: East Yorkshire Local History Society, 1961), p. 12.

- William Hardy Wickwar, The Struggle for the Freedom of the Press 1819-1832 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1928), p. 54.

- The Co-operator, N°. 6 (1828), p. 4. in Lawson & Silver, p. 260.

- Minutes of the Committee of Council on Education 1840-41 (London: HMSO, 1841), p. 452; Education of the Manual-labour Class (Education Aid Society of Manchester, 1866), p. 5.

- Minutes 1846, II, p. 166.

- Richard Daniel Altick, The English Common Reader (Chicago: Chicago university Press, 1967), p. 171; William Pearson Baker, Parish Registers and Illiteracy in East Yorkshire (York: East Yorkshire Local History Society, 1961), p. 12.

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Publié-e

2009-12-01

Comment citer

AZOUI, S. (2009). From the Spoken to the Written Word: An Account of Pre-Twentieth Century Literacy in England. Revue Des Sciences Humaines, 20(4), 119–128. Consulté à l’adresse https://revue.umc.edu.dz/h/article/view/677

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